This is post 2 of 2 concerning concepts related to being
created in God’s Image and the debate of Monergism vs. Synergism. See the first post where I laid out the fundamental concept of humanity being agents of God’s
authority precisely by being made in His Image.
How does this affect discussion concerning monergism and
synergism? Are we saved or justified on account of faith alone? Is there any
sense in which we are saved or justified on account of works? In moving forward
I think there are a few conceptual links that can be made that close the gap in
these disjunctions:
1)
Given the understanding of the fall outlined in
the first post, “fearing God” is just simply another way of speaking about
trusting him or having faith in him. Faith or trust is precisely an orientation
of acknowledging God’s rulership or wisdom instead of assuming it for oneself.
This side of the cross, that trust must be placed in Jesus’ person and work as
he and his work are the ultimate manifestation of God’s rulership (I won’t even
touch the inclusivism vs. exclusivism debate). Jesus enacts God’s rule from the
cross. Death cannot contain him because he has enacted God’s rulership
perfectly. Genesis 3.24 and the death threat of Genesis 2.17 cannot have any
hold over him.
2)
As human beings, we cannot help but “work” to
some degree. We have to function in this world. But there is functioning that
is according to the orientation of God as ruler and functioning that ascribes
no fear to God.
3)
There is also, it seems to me, subtle NT
understanding of faith that is often missed in churches. Faith is not simply acknowledgment that e.g. Jesus is
God or that he died and rose or that there is a God (James 2.19) or even that
“Jesus is Lord” (Romans 10.9). There is a functional imperative that lies
behind NT faith: You must act according to what you believe! To claim “Jesus is
Lord” is to make oneself servant to him and so act in a way that conforms to
his example and standard. This may seem obvious or trite but is actually in sharp
contrast to how many in the church evangelize: “You need to believe that you’re
a sinner and Jesus died for you to be saved…” In much of my experience of the
(Protestant) church, belief that certain things are true (e.g. Jesus died for
you, Jesus is God, etc.) is what makes the Christian, and then the Christian
develops in service to God. But NT faith isn’t so abstract; it’s a whole
package, it’s being in a kingdom.
4)
When we get to Paul in the NT, he rejects any
effort that a person can produce in and of himself that attempts to gain (or
maintain) favor with God. Such effort is necessarily done not in the “fear of
God”. Thus one cannot be “justified” by
works, since for God to do so would be for him to acknowledge that his creation
can get by without acknowledging him as sole creator.
5)
In contrast James (Chapter 2) seems to be coming
from the other side. Mere faith (belief in an abstract set of truths) is not
sufficient but works are needed also. In context, these works are assumed to be
from the point of those already acting “by faith” and what James has to say is
towards those not living the life of
faith (2.14-17). But then James says something in 2.24 that (most) Protestant
exegetes from the time of Luther have squirmed at: “a man is justified by works
and not only by faith.”
“Justified” is usually taken in the
NT to mean “declared to be righteous” in the standard Reformed “judicial” sense
of God considering us to be righteous even when we aren’t because we have
believed that Jesus died for us – declared righteous because of faith. But when
we get to James 2.21 and 24, “justified” can’t mean that without contradiction to
Paul (and our nicely packaged Protestant theology) so it’s usually taken to
mean “demonstrate to be declared righteous” where the works demonstrate that
the justifying faith is indeed justifying and genuine. A few passages in the
gospels are thought to provide parallels for this unusual meaning (see Mt.
11.19 (cf. Lk. 7.35), Lk. 10.29, Lk. 16.15). Even if that meaning is
questionable in at least the last 2 Luke passages, the context is much
different here: God is doing the justifying.
6)
So what does “justify” mean? It’s important here
to recognize that much Protestant/Reformed exegesis has (often) assumed one
definition of “justify” or ”justification” for our theological system and
inserted the definition into whatever instance of the word. It’s important here
to consider the OT perspective of God “justifying”. “Justify” is usually used
in legal settings where one’s actual conduct forms the basis for being
vindicated. And oftentimes vindication has in perspective the final judgment (1
Kings 8.31-32; Ps. 7.8-11**, 9.3-8, 11.7, 15.1-5, 18.20-24, 26.1-3ff., 106.1-5,
119.121-128; Isa. 43.9 & 26, 45.25, 50.8, 53.11; See also 4QMMT C Line 31
(=4Q398)) Note Psalm 7:8ff: “The LORD judges the peoples; judge me, O LORD,
according to my righteousness and
according to the integrity that is in me. The point is hardly that the
Psalmist is perfect. But there is certainly an orientation that God will judge
favorably on account of personal integrity. This can be compared with say Psalm
9.10 where the Lord is a favorable judge for those who trust and seek him.
However, I don’t think this means the two passages stand in tension, as I’ll
get to. (Note: this does not mean there is no sense of “justification” in the
Reformed sense in the OT; see Ps. 32 and perhaps Isa. 53.11.)
7)
Along with this it’s important to remember that
everyone is indeed judged according to works according to the NT. See Mt.
12.36-37, 2 Cor. 5.10, and especially Rom. 2.6-10. The OT sense of “justify” is
picked up in these passages.
8)
So then, in James it appears by context that
“justification” is from the perspective of the end (like the passages mentioned
in #7) when all people will stand before God and be judged according to what
they’ve done – in James 2.22 Abraham’s faith is “made complete” by works and
that his works “fulfilled” the Scripture that “Abraham believed God and it was
counted to him as righteousness”. Not that his faith was somehow incomplete
before works, but rather, his faith was “filled out” so-to-speak or “brought to
maturation”. It is part of a faith-works package where, as James would have it,
faith and works are “working together” (v. 22, Grk. sunergeo).
To synthesize then, humans were created to be utterly
dependent on God (faith or “fear of God”) and also to act (works) as agents of
his authority and rule (kingdom), that is, act in God’s Image. In the fall we lost the ability to do the
latter when we failed to the former. It is only by trust that one is truly a
part of God’s kingdom and so it is only by trust that one can personally act or
work for God’s kingdom. However, when
we stand at the judgment seat, we are shown God’s favor precisely by whether or
not we have willingly acted (works) as God’s agents of his kingdom. That necessarily
entails works, works that are produced only by faith. Paul is mostly concerned
with addressing those lacking “fear of God” (Rom. 3.27) and James is wholly
concerned with working for God’s kingdom (2.14-17). There is then some sense in
which synergism holds true even though monergism is dominant. In the framework
I’ve laid out, it seems synergism would simply be a subset of monergism rather
than standing against it in any sense.
In the end, this is hardly ground for boasting or
pride-of-self. As soon as we boast we assume autonomy with respect to God and,
moreover, we deny that such works were prepared and given us by God in the
first place (Eph. 2.10). Let’s work to have a kingdom orientation for we will ultimately be judged as to whether or not we were willing participants of it.
