This
is an extension to my series on the biblical perspective of divorce and
remarriage. The posts can be found here:
There are quite
a few books today on divorce and remarriage and what the bible has to say about
it. I didn’t read all of them. Some are obvious they’re not worth reading. No
doubt a few Christians are trying to find a decent book or two in search of
some answers. My search was generally not for the how-to manuals for
marriage/remarriage but rather those that (at least attempted) to contribute
something to how one understands what the bible says on the matter.
John Murray’s Divorce (1953, 122 pp.) is the classic starting
point for exploring divorce and remarriage in the bible. Published originally
by the Orthodox Presbyterian Church, Murray explores “The Old Testament
Provision” (Dt. 24:1-4), then “The Teaching of Our Lord” (the gospel passages),
and then “The Teaching of Paul” (1 Cor. 7:10-15 and Rom. 7:1-3). He closes with
an exploration of “Practical Cases”. His method for understanding Scripture is
straight grammatical-textual exegesis with little eye on cultural/historical
matters. He finds that in Deuteronomy the Law simply tolerated but did not
sanction divorce. Consistent with standard Presbyterian thought of the day,
Jesus sought the true intent of the Law over against the misapplication of the
Law by contemporary Jewish leaders. He does find the Greek passive construction
in Mt. 5:32 to be notable and finds the passive in John 8:4 to be revealing in
determining the meaning of the passive in Matthew 5 and, after a survey of most
other significant biblical passages, finds that “it is not feasible to exclude
from the word moiceuqhnai [moicheuthenai] actual involvement in the
sin of adultery”[i].
Murray is quite even-handed with his approach to 1 Cor. 7 but falters at Rom. 7
in not recognizing that “law” refers to the Mosaic Law in all instances. His
attempt at the end of applying the text to “practical applications” has
striking resemblance to a law code rather than actual practical considerations
of various circumstances. Overall, he finds the two standard Reformed
exceptions to divorce equaling adultery: sexual immorality and abandonment.
Gordon Wenham and William
Heth teamed up in Jesus
and Divorce (1984, Updated 1997, Republished a million times) to
challenge the standard Reformed position that there are 2 exceptions to divorce
equating to adultery, which they dub the “Erasmian” position. The first 2
chapters survey and analyze the Early Church Fathers’ views on the matter. They
usefully summarize the Church Fathers who are determined to be a practically
united voice that does not allow remarriage after divorce, while making minor
oversights like quickly dismissing Clement of Alexandria as going beyond Paul
and make no comment about Origen’s reading of 1 Cor. 7:8-9. For Wenham and
Heth, the church ignores the apparently unanimous voice of the Fathers at it’s
own risk. Though they quickly and repeatedly distance themselves from it, one
can’t help but read them as relying more on their reading of the Church
Fathers’ stance than on a fair analysis of Scripture, especially given how
dismissive they are of the criticism that many Fathers held their stance on
remarriage no doubt because celibacy was elevated. Chapters 3 and 4 very
usefully survey the early and modern defenses of the so-called Erasmian
position. Chapters 5 and 6 critique the Erasmian viewpoints from the OT and NT
respectively. Then they spend 4 more chapters very usefully surveying and
critiquing more modern approaches to Jesus’ divorce sayings.
In considering
the OT, Heth and Wenham argue, per Gen. 1 and 2 and Lev. 18, that marriage
creates a bond whereby the spouse really becomes one’s “flesh and blood”, a
member of the family. Thus a spouse cannot cease being your marriage partner
just as a sister cannot cease being a sister. That relationship simply cannot
be severed. They then argue that that is what causes the abomination to the
Lord in Dt. 24:1-4 – to remarry the woman is like remarrying a sister! All of
this seems a bit strained. Besides the faltering logic in their analysis of Dt.
24, they seem to forget that in the OT a family member could actually be cut
off if the circumstances warrant doing so. Moreover, their analysis really
makes trouble of the levirate marriage system required by the Law. If the wife
becomes a sister, surely the brother would be having sex with his sister after
his brother dies! Thankfully, Heth has come to abandon this thinking.
When they
consider the NT, Heth and Wenham consider Mark’s and Luke’s accounts of Jesus’
sayings as absolute, requiring a lengthy explanation of Matthew’s exception
clauses. The exception clause, they argue, only applies to the divorce side of
the equation. Divorce is adultery except with marital unfaithfulness, and
remarriage is always adultery. To do this requires 2 rather tenuous claims: 1)
the Greek word order for Matthew requires this reading and 2) the Greek word
for “divorce” shifts its sense between
the Pharisees’ question and Jesus’ response – divorce for the Pharisees
entailed a certificate and certainty of remarriage and for Jesus entailed only
a separation of sorts. Too many commentators have responded to point 1 – the
Greek word order can hardly be put any other way to make sense. For the 2nd
point, their defense is simply unconvincing; more explanation would have been
required by Jesus for his hearers to understand a new sense to “divorce”.
The appendix is
the biggest reason to get the revised edition for in it the authors lighten up
a bit on some of their strong claims. 13 years after the first edition they
admit that there may have been a minority among the Church Fathers who took an
“Erasmian” position and that perhaps the “abomination” in Deut. 24:4 does not
refer to a type of incest. As with the entire book, the appendix is a very good
resource for its comprehensive survey of varying positions.
